“Bens”, confiança e política: a eclosão do conflito moral e possibilidades do reencontro ético

Abstract

There is a necessary urgency in validating virtues as a factor in the transformation of the values of a people, be that in the field of the formation of the personal character, be it in the characterization of the institutional spheres – based on the economic behavior – which are the main objects for reflection of this paper. This study deals with the Good as a virtue based on thinkers of the classical and political philosophy. Based on these one analyzes justice as a virtue and justice as equity in Rawls and the issue of the principle of responsibility as an ethical element in Hans Jonas. This Good can be corroded by an evil which breaks out with the moral conflict and, for this, we analyze the Eichmann case and the problem of the banality of evil in Arendt, which converges with what we call the horizontalization of evil, that is, an evil that passes through individuals who disseminate bad customs which affect the political sphere and corrupt society. As an answer to this evil, two key points are presented as a solution: the first is what is here called an “ethical Reencounter”, in which the individual, devastated by the moral evil reencounters the “totally other” of Karl Barth and the Infinite of Lévinas; the second point is the “Reencounter of ethics with education”, in a relation between ethics and the State and the possibilities of ethics via education in Nozick, Rawls and Bobbio. Initially one proposes as a balance to a morally accepted society a reencounter of the individual with the Other, in the metaphysical sphere; in a second moment, to reflect ethics through a system incorporated in education which, through an objective political action, society can visualize healthy people and institutions able to propitiate for themselves and for society trust, which, through a minimum collective ethics, will revert into justice, solidarity, friendship and peace.